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There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it. - Alice Paul
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In the 1930s and 1940s, Bessie Stringfield took eight long-distance, solo rides across the United States. Speaking to a reporter, she dismissed the notion that "nice girls didn’t go around riding motorcycles in those days." Further, she was apparently fearless at riding through the Deep South when racial prejudice was a tangible threat. Bessie consciously championing the rights of women and African-Americans. During World War II, Bessie worked for the army as a civilian motorcycle dispatch rider.
More on Bessie: http://home.ama-cycle.org/forms/museum/biopage.asp?id=277
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As a woman you are not worthy of equal rights if you do not consider it an honor to be labeled a Feminist! Women's Strike Demonstration marchers, Fifth Ave., New York City, August 26, 1970.
More on Women's fight for equal rights and to end women's slavery in America:
Sofia Smith Women's History Collection:
http://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/subjwomenslib.html
National Women's History Project: http://www.nwhp.org/
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Born in 1857 One of the nation's first gynecologists, Helen C. Putnam, class of 1878, planned a conference on infant mortality in 1909, which led to the founding of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality and, at the same time, launched a reform movement - increasing the number of visiting nurses, introducing prenatal care, and establishing sanitation standards for milk collection. "At a meeting of the American Medical Association, a learned doctor who was to speak on social diseases declined to do so 'because there were ladies present.' Putnam rose to her feet, declared that she was not so squeamish, and proceeded to deliver an address on the subject. She was met with tumultuous applause, and her plea that social diseases be treated as ordinary contagious diseases, and be relieved of the social stigma attached to them, had much to do with further developments in that field of medical treatment."
More on Women in Science: http://scienceweb.vassar.edu/women/
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When the genteel and soft-spoken Dr. Mary Steichen Calderone '25 launched S.I.E.C.U.S. (Sex Information and Education Council of the United States) in 1964, the religious right marshaled the opposition, forming groups like M.O.M.S. (Mothers Organized for Moral Stability), fabricating dark rumors about the sexual exploits and communist leanings of sex educators, digging up "dirt" on Calderone herself (an out-of-wedlock pregnancy), and picketing her public appearances. Dubbed "the grandmother of sex education" by Time magazine, Calderone believed that "sex education should not force sexual standards upon anyone, but should make information available for young people and adults to reach their own moral decisions."
More on Mary: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Calderone
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Annie Turnbo Pope Malone was an entrepreneur who became one of the world´s wealthiest black women in the early 1930s. Her company, which developed and marketed beauty culture products for black women, began in Illinois, but moved to St. Louis when it became successful. She established Poro College in 1917 to train beauticians in the proper application of the Poro system of cosmetics and hair products for African-American women and to instruct salespersons in the marketing of the line. Malone employed over 150 persons in her business. She also established a finance company which offered home mortgages and loans for businesses. In 1922, Malone provided a financial gift to the St. Louis Colored Orphans Home for the construction of a new building. In 1946, the home was renamed the Annie Malone Children’s Home in her honor.
More on Annie: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Malone
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Astronaut Mae Jemison became the first African-American woman to enter space when she served on the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor in September 1992. Jemison's life, however, is also full of terrestrial accomplishments. A high school graduate at the age of 16, she attended Stanford University on a scholarship, graduating with a B.S. degree in chemical engineering and having fulfilled the requirements for an A.B. in African and Afro-American Studies. After graduating from medical school (Cornell University, 1981), Jemison joined the Peace Corps, serving as its area medical officer from 1983 to 1985 in the West African countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia. After serving in NASA from 1987 to 1993, Jemison founded The Jemison Group, Inc., which developed ALAFIYA, a satellite-based telecommunications systems intended to improve health care delivery in developing nations. She also was a professor in the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College, where she directed the Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries.
More on Mae: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Jemison
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We need the ERA The Equal Rights Amendment was first proposed in 1923, is still not a part of the constitution. The ERA has been ratified by 35 of the needed 38 states. When three mores states vote yes, the ERA may become the 28th amendment. Women are still not considered "equal" under the United States Constitution.
We Need the ERA because we do not have it yet. Even in the 21st century, the U.S. Constitution still does not explicitly guarantee that all of the rights it protects are held equally by all citizens without regard to sex. The first – and still the only – right that the Constitution specifically affirms as equal for women and men is the right to vote.
We need the ERA because the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause has never been interpreted to grant equal rights on the basis of sex in the same way that the Equal Rights Amendment would. The 14th Amendment has been applied to sex discrimination only since 1971, and the Supreme Court's latest decision on that issue in 1996 does not move us beyond the traditional assumption that males hold rights and females must prove that they hold them.
Equal Rights Amendment: http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/
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Women factory workers during World War II. More on Women at War
http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/women/welcome.html#WAW
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On June 15 1921, Bessie Coleman received the first pilot's license issued to an African American, male or female, from the Federation Aeronautique Internationale. Coleman was a bravely independent and determined woman, who decided that learning to fly provided an exciting challenge. However, in the early years of the 20th century she had two strikes against her: her race and her gender. Unable to secure flight training in the United States, she went to France and earned her license. She returned to the United States in September of 1921, and began to perform in the Chicago area, doing aerobatic loops and figure eights. Her ultimate goal was to establish a flying school for African Americans. In 1925 she moved to Houston and performed throughout the South, drawing multi-cultural crowds. She had nearly reached her goal of opening a school, when on April 30, 1926, she went up for a practice flight for a May Day celebration in Orlando, Florida. About ten minutes into the flight, the Curtiss Jenny biplane, piloted by her mechanic and publicity agent, William Will, went into a nose dive and flipped. Coleman, who had not fastened her seatbelt, was thrown from the plane and plunged to her death. However, her brief flying career inspired many young African Americans to enter the field of aviation and her legacy continues in the form of aviation clubs and tributes, including the 1995 U.S. postal stamp issued in her honor. Each year on the anniversary of her death, African American pilots fly over "Brave Bessie's" grave in Chicago to drop flowers in her honor.
More on Bessie http://www.bessiecoleman.com/
Black Wings, African American Pioneer Aviators: http://www.nasm.si.edu/blackwings/
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Zitkala-sa, "Red Bird,"a Yankton Sioux reformer and writer was one of a number of White-educated Indians who fought to obtain fairer treatment for her people by the federal government. She was born on February 22, 1875, the daughter of John Haysting Simmons and Ellen Tate'Iyohiwin, "Reaches for the Wind." Educated on the reservation until the age of 8, she was sent to White's Institute, a Quaker school in Wabash, Indiana. At the age of 19, against her family's wishes, she enrolled at Earlham College, in Richmond, where she won an oratorical contest, then graduated to become a teacher at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania.
More on American Indian Women's Herstory:
http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/women/index.htm
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The first female Indian physician, Susan La Flesche was born into the Sioux in 1865 and graduated from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. She administered to Native American tribes, traveling on horseback from her home in Omaha, Nebraska. Eventually La Flesche became a Presbyterian missionary, heading a delegation to the nation's capital to fight for the prohibition of liquor. She died at age 50 in 1915, having spent her life in the service of her people. The symbol depicted at the bottom of the picture represents an Indian goddess against disease.
More on American Indian Women's Herstory:
http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/women/index.htm
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(Born 1980-present) Jennifer Shahade (Arab American)age 25 is a Women's Grandmaster, writer and two-time American Women's Chess Champion (2002, 2004).
Her first book, Chess Bitch: Women in the Ultimate Intellectual Sport, was published in the fall of 2005 (Siles Press.) She is currently the web editor for Chess Life Magazine, the national publication of USCF. Her writing has appeared in the New York Times, Chess Life Magazine, New In Chess, www.bookslut.com and the Los Angeles Times Book Review. Shahade has taught chess to youngsters all over the country. She also performs simultaneous exhibitions in which she plays up to 50 people at once, in locations from Shanghai, China to Amherst College to her home-town Philly. She has participated in performance art projects at New York's psycho-geography festival, the Philadelphia Fringe Festival, The Viewing Room Art Gallery and served as a juror for a design competition at the Noguchi Museum. She lives in Manhattan.
More on Jennifer: http://www.jennifershahade.com/
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Josephine Baker sashayed onto a Paris stage during the 1920s with a comic, yet sensual appeal that took Europe by storm. Famous for barely-there dresses and no-holds-barred dance routines, her exotic beauty generated nicknames "Black Venus," "Black Pearl" and "Creole Goddess." Admirers bestowed a plethora of gifts, including diamonds and cars, and she received approximately 1,500 marriage proposals. She maintained energetic performances and a celebrity status for 50 years until her death in 1975. Unfortunately, racism prevented her talents from being wholly accepted in the United States until 1973.
More on Josephine: http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/
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Born on August 17, 1893, Mae West (Mary Jane West ) would become the first :sex clown" on film. Her salacous eye-rolling and thinly veiled inuendo spawned a string of risque comedies in the 1930s. When Mae was only five years old when she began on the vaudevillian stage and by the age of 14 she was being billed as "The Baby Vamp."
In 1926, Mae wrote, produced and directed the Broadway show, "Sex," which led her to be arrested for obscenity. The following year, her next play, "Drag," was banned on Broadway because its subject matter was homosexuality.
West skirted the delicate sensibilities of Hollywood censors with sexual innuendo and double entendre and her witty observations were as widely quoted as Ben Franklin bromides: "It's better to be looked over than overlooked"; "I used to be Snow White but it drifted," etc. Although she cultivated the image of the "tough broad," West always conveyed a curious Victorian innocence coupled with a winking, self-effacing amusement at her own preposterous creation. Her popularity reached such peaks that sailors were inspired to name their inflatable life jackets after her overemphasized 43-inch "assets," ensuring West a place, like no other actress to date, in Webster's Dictionary
More on Mae: http://www.bombshells.com/gallery/west/
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Born: March 13, 1930 - Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
The American mezzo-soprano, Rosalind Elias, began her training at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. During her student days there, she sang Poppea in L’incoronazione di Poppea and also appeared with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. She then studied at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood.
After singing with the New England Opera from 1948 to 1952, Rosalind Elias completed her training in Italy with Luigi Ricci and Nazareno de Angelis. Following engagements at Milan’s La Scala and Naples’ Teatro San Carlos, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York as Grimgerde in Die Walküre in February 1954. She created roles there in Barber’s Vanessa (Erika, 1958), and Antony and Cleopatra (Charmian, 1966), remaining on its roster for over 30 years. She also made guest appearances in Europe and toured as concert artist. Among her other roles were Dorabella, Rosina, Cherubino, Giordano’s Bersi, Carmen, and Octavian.
Source: Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of 20th Century Classical Musicians (1997)
Contributed by Aryeh Oron (March 2002)
More on Rosalind: http://www.usoperaweb.com/2002/september/elias.htm
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MINK, Patsy Takemoto, a Representative from Hawaii; born Patsy Matsu Takemoto, December 6, 1927, in Paia, Maui County, Hawaii; graduated from Maui High School, Maui, Hawaii, 1944; attended Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa., 1946; attended the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr., 1947; B.A., University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii, 1948; J.D., University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Ill., 1951; lawyer, private practice; lecturer, University of Hawaii, 1952-1956, 1959-1962, and 1979-1981; attorney for Hawaii territorial house of representatives, 1955; member of the Hawaii state house of representatives, 1956-1958; member of the Hawaii state senate, 1958-1959 and 1962-1964; delegate to the Democratic National Convention, 1960, 1972, 1980, and 1984; elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-ninth and to the five succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1965-January 3, 1977); was not a candidate for reelection to the Ninety-fifth Congress in 1976, but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination to the United States Senate; Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, 1977-1978; president, Americans for Democratic Action, 1978-1981; member, Honolulu, Hawaii, city council, 1983-1987, chair, 1983-1985; elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Representative Daniel K. Akaka; reelected to the seven succeeding Congresses (September 22, 1990-September 28, 2002); died on September 28, 2002, in Honolulu, Hawaii; posthumously elected to the One Hundred Eighth Congress in 2002.
More on Asian Women Pioneers: http://www.asian-nation.org/artists.shtml
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A Writing Pro
Amy Tan was born in 1952 in Oakland, California, the daughter of Chinese parents who had immigrated to the United States three years earlier. As a teenager, Tan and her family moved to Europe, where she attended high school in Switzerland. Tan later returned to the U.S. to attend college. She gained international attention in 1989 with the publication of her first novel, The Joy Luck Club, a story about Chinese women and their Chinese-American daughters. The book has been translated into 25 languages and has been made into a movie. In addition to her best-selling novels, Tan has also written two children's books, The Moon Lady and The Chinese Siamese Cat. Besides writing, Tan plays in a rock 'n roll band called The Rock Bottom Remainders with several other famous writers, including Stephen King and Scott Turow.
To learn more about Amy: http://www.amytan.net/
More on Asian Women Pioneers: http://www.asian-nation.org/artists.shtml
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Dolores Huerta, vice president of the United Farm Workers speaking to a rally in San Diego against unjust immigration policies. Photo by Nic Paget-Clarke. Born in 1930 Dolores Huerta continues to be one of the century's most powerful and respected labor movement leaders. Huerta left teaching and co-founded the United Farm Workers with Cesar Chavez in 1962: "I quit because I couldn't stand seeing kids come to class hungry and needing shoes. I thought I could do more by organizing farm workers than by trying to teach their hungry children." Huerta has raised her own 11 children while organizing for the labor movement.
The 1965 Delano Grape Strike launched UFW into a period of fast-paced organizing, with Huerta negotiating contracts with growers, lobbying, organizing strikes and boycotts and well as spearheading farmworker political activities. Always politically active, she co-chaired the 1972 California delegation to the Democratic Convention. She led the fight to permit thousands of migrant/immigrant children to receive services. She also led the struggle to achieve unemployment insurance, collective bargaining rights, and immigration rights for farmworkers under the 1985 Rodino amnesty legalization program. Huerta continues as an outstanding labor and political activist.
More on Dolores: http://www.doloreshuerta.org/
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Born in December 6, 1953, in Alice, Texas, Capitan Salinas received a BA degree in History from Dominican College of San Rafael, California. Her military decorations and awards include: Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal with gold star awards.
More on Angela: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Salinas
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Carmen Miranda was born in Marco de Canaveses, in Portugal on February 9, 1909. Her birth name is Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha, which was derived from her godmother's name, Maria do Carmo Pinto Monteiro. Her father, José Maria Pinto da Cunha, was a barber and her mother, Maria Emília Miranda da Cunha, was a housewife. Carmen had three sisters and two brothers: Olinda (1907), Mario (1911), Cecília (1913), Aurora (1915) and Oscar (1916). The family moved to Brazil when Carmen was only one year old.
Carmen Miranda was one of the greatest stars of all time, and her success outlived the limits of our continent. Until today, Carmen is reverenced all over the world. The year of 2005, the year of the actress 50th Anniversary is the moment to surrender to the honors made about the life and work of the one who was known as the “Brazilian Bombshell”.
More on Carmen: http://www.carmenmiranda.net/home.php
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Mary Church Terrell, in a photograph taken between 1880 and 1900 and published later. She organized African American women who lived in and near Washington, D.C. to join the march, although all African American participants were asked to march at the rear of the procession.
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Lucy Burns in prison for protesting for the right to vote. Lucy Burns in Occoquan Workhouse. Harris & Ewing. November 1917.
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Nell Mercer. jailed for protesting for women to vote
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When Tennessee the 36th state ratified, Aug 18, 1920, Alice Paul, National Chairman of the Woman's Party, unfurled the ratification banner from Suffrage headquarters. National Photo Company.
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Women, we might as well be dogs baying the moon as petitioners without the right to vote!”
(1820-1906)
Susan Brownell Anthony was born February 15,1820 in Adams Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a stern man, a Quaker Abolitionist and a cotton manufacturer. He believed in guiding his children, not directing them. He did not allow them to experience the childish amusements of toys,games,and music,which were seen as distractions from the inner light. Instead he enforced self-discipline, principled convictions, and belief in one's own self-worth.
Susan was a precocious child and she learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville,N.Y. where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught in a "home school" set up by her father. The school was run by a woman teacher, Mary Perkins. Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her sisters.
She was independent and educated and held a position that had traditionally been reserved to young men. Ultimately, Susan was sent to boarding school near Philadelphia. Susan taught at a female academy, Eunice Kenyon's Quaker boarding school, in upstate New York from 1846-49. After, she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her first public crusade on behalf of temperance.
More on Susan: http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/sba/first.htm
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Wisconsin banner from DC March in 1914 of Suffragette Movement.
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Marches on Washington are held in the same manner. Every state marches behind their flag.
More on the history of protesting: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest
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Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) was a newspaper editor and journalist who went on to lead the American anti-lynching crusade. Working closely with both African-American community leaders and American suffragists, Wells worked to raise gender issues within the "Race Question" and race issues within the "Woman Question." Wells was born the daughter of slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. During Reconstruction, she was educated at a Missouri Freedman's School, Rust University, and began teaching school at the age of fourteen. In 1884, she moved to Memphis, Tennesee, where she continued to teach while attending Fisk University during summer sessions. In Tennessee, especially, she bristled at the poor treatment she and other African-Americans received. After she was forcibly removed from her seat for refusing to move to a "colored car" on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, her suit against the railroad for violating her civil rights was rejected by the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1877. This event and the legal struggle which followed it, however, encouraged Wells to continue to oppose racial injustice toward African-Americans. She took up journalism in addition to schoolteaching, and in 1891, after she had written several newspaper articles critical of the educational opportunities afforded African-American students, her teaching contract was not renewed. Effectively barred from teaching, she invested her savings in a part-interest in the Memphis Free Speech newspaper.
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Lawyer Inez Milholland Boissevain leads (1886-1916) the suffrage procession on her white horse, Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913. Inez Milholland a gradute of Vasser College, an athlete (broke the Vassar record for shot put - 31 feet, 8 7/8 inches), an attorney, a charismatic speaker, writer, cofounder of the N.A.A.C.P., and legendary suffragette who died fighting for women's right to vote. In 1908, after then-President Taylor forbade two national speakers on women's suffrage to speak on campus, she organized a suffrage rally in the cemetery adjacent to campus. But she is perhaps best known as "the Woman on a Horse" who led a thousand women under a banner that read "Into the Light," down Pennsylvania Avenue on the eve of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration on March 3, 1913.
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Alice Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century. Born on January 11, 1885 to Quaker parents in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, Alice Paul dedicated her life to the single cause of securing equal rights for all women.
Few individuals have had as much impact on American history as has Alice Paul. Her life symbolizes the long struggle for justice in the United States and around the world. Her vision was the ordinary notion that women and men should be equal partners in society.
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Global List of Women's Organizations:
http://womenst.library.wisc.edu/resources/organizations/
Motherhood:
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/motherhood/Mothering_and_Motherhood.htm
Suffragette Movement:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage
Women in Politics:
http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/
Women in Armed Forces:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military
Everything you want to know about Ethnic American History:
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/
Motherhood:
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/motherhood/Mothering_and_Motherhood.htm
Suffragette Movement:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage
Women in Politics:
http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/
Women in Armed Forces:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military
Feminist Movement:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_feminism
Women in Philanthropy:
http://www.women-philanthropy.umich.edu/resources/index.html
Women Artists:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_artists
Women in Anthropology:
http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/women.html
Women in Education:
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/femhist/education.shtml
Women in Medicine:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_medicine
Women in Science:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_science
Women Aviators:
http://womenaviators.org/first.html
Women in Architecture:
http://library.nevada.edu/arch/rsrce/resguide/archwom.html
Women in Journalism:
http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/subject/journ.html
Indian Women Herstory:
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-indn.html
Immigrant Women:
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-immig.html
English Women:
http://womenhistory.blogspot.com/American
Caucasian Women:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American
African American Women:
click here to view
Latin American Women:
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/latinamerica/Central_and_South_America.htm
Asian Women:
http://www.asian-nation.org/gender.shtml
Jewish Women:
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-jewish.html
Middle Eastern Women:
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/islamandwomen/Islam_and_Womens_History.htm
The New Feminist Movement of women's accountability toward one another:
www.opheliaproject.org
World Economic Forum and Gender Gap:
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Gender%20Gap/index.htm
Women's Empowerment Organizations:
http://www.jofreeman.com/links.htm
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